The subjunctive is almost entirely used in subordinate clauses (hence its name – sub (under) + iungō (to join)), but there are a couple situations where it gets used in the main clause. N.B.: Do not confuse velim (present subj.) and vellem (imperfect subj.)! Same goes for nōlim/ nōllem, etc. (similarly, possum → possim, possīs, possit, etc.)įerō and eō are conjugated exactly as expected ( feram, eam, etc.) ONLY the present tense is ever formed irregularly. Therefore, the endings will be added onto the stem fatēre-: The verb fateor, fatērī, fassus sum is 2nd conj. The endings should be added onto whatever the PAI would be if the word were not deponent. N.B.: Deponent verbs do not have a pres. Add the personal endings directly to the second principal part (present active infinitive)Įxamples: amārem, amārēs, amāret (this rule applies to every conjugation) audi am, audi ās, etc.Īlternatively, you can use the mnemonic "sh E w EArs A d IAmond t IAra" to remember the correct vowels for each conjugation (including 3rd-io, which I didn't provide an example of above) If the verb is any other conjugation, add -a- and then the standard personal endings.Įxamples: am em, am ēs, am et, etc. If the verb is first conjugation, add -e- and then the standard personal endings. Drop the -ō from the 1st principal part.
The subjunctive has only 4 tenses – present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect. Not all uses or all details are covered, in order to keep the guide accessible.įor this section, these verbs will be used as examples:
Each use has several examples to clarify all the key aspects of its usage.
#Latin grammar dum with aliquis how to
It begins with a quick description of how to form the subjunctive, followed by a description of first the independent, then the dependent uses of the subjunctive. This guide is intended for beginning or intermediate Latin students who are just starting to learn the subjunctive.